What does machine-to-machine (M2M) refer to?

Machine-to-machine (M2M) refers to a technology where devices communicate directly with one another without the need for human intervention. This definition highlights the automated capability of these devices to exchange information, often through various types of networks, including wired and wireless. M2M technology is commonly used in environments such as industrial automation, smart homes, and remote monitoring systems, where devices like sensors, meters, and actuators can autonomously share data and make decisions based on this data.

In contrast, the other choices either focus on human interaction or specify a less direct form of communication. Devices that connect through wireless networks may also include human-operated devices, while those that communicate over the internet with humans imply a user interaction aspect that is not characteristic of M2M technology. Lastly, devices requiring manual input from users do not fit the M2M paradigm, as one of the defining features of M2M is the capability for devices to operate independently of human input.